The operations and managements of diesel generator柴油發電機的操作與管理
I. The purposes of operational training
一、操作訓練目的
Through operational training students can master manual operations of starting and stopping diesel and manual operations about paralleling, transferring load and distributing load, and be familiar with operational and managing attentive items very well.
通過操作訓練，使學員熟練掌握柴油機的手動起動及停車操作，井能掌握發電機組手動并 車、負載轉移及分配的操作，熟知操作及管理中的注意事項。
II. The operational contents
二、操作內容
(1) Manual operations of starting and stopping diesel；(1) 柴油機手動起動及停車操作；
(2) Manual operations about paralleling, transferring load and distributing load；(2) 發電機組手動并車、負載轉移及分配操作；(3) Generator’s switch-off and its stop,(3) 發電機組的解列及停車。
Ⅲ. Training equipment
三、訓練設備
Type 4135-50 kW diesel generator-two sets; automatic electric station-one unit.
自動化機艙柴油發電機組(4135-50 kW)兩臺，自動化電站一座。
IV. Technical parameters of 4135-50 diesel generator四、4135-50柴油機技術參數
Type：4153 G
型號：4153 G
Cylinder diameter： 135 mm
缸徑：135 mm
Rated power：58. 8 kW
額定功率：58. 8 kW
Stroke： 140 mm
沖程：140 mm
Speed： 1500 r/min
轉速：1500 r/min
Firing sequence : 1 - 3 - 4 - 2
發火順序：1 -3 -4 -2
Compression ratio : 16. 5
壓縮比：16.5
Cylinder number:4
缸數:4
Valve timing (crank angle):
配氣相位（以曲軸轉角計）：
Inlet valve：
進氣閥：
Open timing(BTDC) : 20°±6°
開啟始點（上止點前）：20°±6°
Closure timing(ABDC) : 48°±6°
關閉終點（下止點后）：48°±6°
Maximum valve lift (mm): 14.5
氣門最大升程(mm) ：14.5
Cool clearance( mm) ： 0. 25 ~0. 30
冷車間隙（mm) ：0.25-0.30
Exhaust valve：
排氣閥：
Open timing(BBDC) : 48°±6°
開啟始點（下止點前）：48°±6°
Closure timing(ATDG) : ±6°
關閉終點（上止點后）：20°±6°
Maximum valve lifting( mm) ： 14. 5
氣門最大升程（mm)： 14. 5
Cool clearance(mm) ： 0. 30 ~0. 35
冷車間隙（mm) =0.30 ~0. 35
V. The processes of practical operation (for 4135-50 diesel generator)五、實操過程（以下使用機為4135-50型柴油機）1. Start and stop diesel engine
1.柴油機的起動、停車操作
(1) Preparations
(1)起動前的準備
① Check up each part of diesel engine carefully and ensure all being in order, if abnormal matters are found, settle them immediately.
① 檢查柴油機各部分是否正常,各附件連接是否可靠，并排除不正常現象。
② Inspect the connections of starting system’s electric circuit, meanwhile, examine storage battery’s capability and voltage to ensure all is normal.
② 檢查電起動系統電路接線是否正確，蓄電池電量是否充足，電壓值是否正常。
③ Add lube oil to crankcase up to required oil level.
③ 向油底殼內加注機油至規定油面位置。
④ Inspect cooling water system to ensure relevant valves have been opened.
④ 檢查冷卻系統，閥門是否打開。
⑤ Open and loosen air vents fixed in the combined fuel oil pump or loosen air plugs assembled on the top of fine filter, then use and press manual oil pump assembled in fuel oil pump to clear off air existing in the fuel oil system. Screw plugs tightly until fuel oil flows from them.
⑤ 使用組合式噴油泵上的手動泵，向燃油系統壓注燃油,并旋松噴油泵上的放氣螺釘，或 旋松燃油濾清器上的放氣螺塞，排除燃油系統中的空氣，直至放空氣處一直流出的燃油無氣泡 后，將放氣螺釘或放氣螺塞旋緊。
⑥ The first-use diesel engines or those having stopped over 5 days must be made 3 ?5 revolutions before starting, ensure that engine’s revolution is flexibility and no blocks or abnormal sound appear.
⑥ 對新機或停放5天以上未用的柴油機，起動前應先轉動曲軸3 ~5轉，確認轉動靈活，無 卡阻或異常聲響出現。
(2) Start diesel engine
(2) 柴油機的起動
① Diesel engine can be started smoothly under environment temperature being at 0℃.
① 該機可在不低于規定的環境溫度下順利起動，常溫起動最低環境溫度為0℃。
② Push the operational handle of governor to unload position, where the revolution is about 700 r/min.
② 噴油泵調速器操縱手柄推到“空載”（轉速為700 r/min左右）位置。
③ Switch on storage battery, and then press the starting button to start diesel engine.
③ 接通蓄電池電源，按下起動按鈕，使柴油機起動。
If diesel engine can not be started within 12 seconds, release starting button； try and make the second start after 2 minutes ；如果在12 s內未能起動，應立即釋放按鈕，過2 min后再進行第二次起動；Diesel engine must be stopped after continuing start three times but failure, measures must be taken to settle the troubles.
如果連續3次不能起動時，應停止起動，找出原因并排除故障后再進行起動。
④ Release starting button after starting diesel engine successfully, and then inspect each kind of parameter to ensure all is normal, especially lube pressure meter. Diesel engine must work at 600 -750 r/min some time and inspect each part to ensure all in order.
④ 起動成功后，應立即釋放按鈕，同時注意各儀表讀數，特別是機油壓力表，不得低于規定 數值，然后讓柴油機在600 ~750 r/rnin的轉速下運轉一段時間，并檢查柴油機各部分運轉是 否正常。
⑤ Diesel engine allows to work at full of load unless water outlet temperature is higher 70T1, lube oil temperature higher 45℃, the pressure of lube oil higher 245 kPa.
⑤ 柴油機的出水溫度高于70℃，機油溫度高于45℃，機油壓カ高于245 kPa時才允許進入全負荷運轉。
(3) Stop diesel engine
(3) 柴油機的停車
① Normal stop
① 正常停車
Unload the load from the electric net before generator engine being stopped, and then gradually adjust the governor’s manipulative handle to reduce its revolution till 700 ~ 1000 r/min, stop diesel engine after 3 ?5 minutes ’ work.
停車前，先卸去負荷，讓發電機退出電網，然后調節調速器操縱手柄，逐步降低轉速至700 ~ 1 000 r/min,運轉3 ~5 min后再撥動停車手柄停車。
② Stop in emergency condition
② 緊急停車
In the event of emergency diesel engine must be stopped in order to avoid happening serious trouble. Diesel engine should be stopped immediately through pulling out emergency handle to stop (towards flywheel).
在緊急或特殊情況下，為避免柴油機發生嚴重事故，可采取緊急停車。用手向后撥動緊急 停車手柄（向發動機飛輪端方向），即可達到停車目的。
2. The operations of parallel manually, transferring load and distributing load2. 手動并車、負栽轉移及分配的操作
(1) Turn the “MANUAL/AUTO” switch to “MANUAL” position.
(1) 將“手動/自動”轉換開關轉至“手動”位置。
(2) Turn “SINGLE/PARALLEL” to “SINGLE” position.
(2) 將“單機/井機”轉換開關轉至“單機”位置。
(3) Turn the switch of “STAND/BY” unit to “0” position.
(3) 將機組備用選擇開關轉至“0”位置。
(4) After starting successively and running for a while in no-load revolution, then gradually add the enacting value of revolution until the frequency of an incoming generator is up to rating value (50 Hz) and voltage up to rating value (380 V); otherwise, please inspect the working condition of governor and voltage transformer.
(4) 起動成功并空轉運行一段時間后,逐漸增加轉速設定值，直至待并機組的頻率達到額 定值(50 Hz)、電壓達到額定值(380 V)；否則，請分別檢查調速器和調壓器的工作情況。
(5) At this time, if the electric net is not supplying the power, please switch on main switch to supply electric recourse to the net; if the electric net is on power, the synchroscope’s switch turn to the incoming machine, adjust the enacting value of r/min according to the rotational direction of the synchroscope until the pointer rotates clockwise and slowly.
(5) 如此時船舶電網無電，則可立即合上發電機主開關，向電網供電;如此時電網有電，則 應將同步表轉換開關轉至待并機組位置，視同步表的旋轉方向調整轉速設定值的大小，直至同 步表順時針緩慢旋轉為止。
(6) When the pointer of synchroscope rotates to the position before green lamp appearing, switch on main switch of generator； the advancing time of switch-on is decided by the extent of personal skill, generally it is 30 ?50.
(6) 當同步表指針旋轉到出現綠燈之前一點，合上發電機主開關;合閘提前量視個人的熟 練程度而異，通常3°~5°。
(7 ) After paralleling successively, the synchroscope must be shut off; then add load to the incoming generator gradually.
(7) 并車成功后，應及時切除同步表，并逐漸増加待并機組的負荷。
(8) According to the actual load in the net, each unit should be distributed the reasonable load (generally load is distributed at average) , adjust the oil rack to increase the oil capacity to engine; the available power will be increased, vice versa. Unavailable power is adjusted automatically through average-voltager.
(8) 根據電網實際負載大小，合理分配各機組負荷（通常平均分配）。増加機組油門，會 提高本機組的有功功率，反之亦然；無功功率靠均壓器自動調整。
3. Generator’switch-off and its stop
3. 發電機組的解列及停車
(1) Transfer load that wants to switch-off to the running unit until its power is near to zero.
(1) 將需解列機組的負荷轉移至其他運行機組上，直至該機組的功率接近“0”為止。
(2) Press the main switch to switch off the unit, then the unit is disconnected from the net.
(2) 按下解列機組的分閘開關，將該機組從電網上解列；(3) Two kinds of stopping the engine. Method 1 is to close the controlling power for switch-off machine, at this time the enacting value is zero and engine stop immediately. Method 2 is to press the “START/STOP” button, and then the unit stops automatically after 15 seconds delay.
(3) 停機操作有兩種方法。方法一是將解列機組的控制電源關掉，此時該機組由于轉速 設定值為“0”而立即停機;方法ニ是按下“START/STOP”按鈕，則延時15 s后機組自動停機。
VI. The operational and managing attentions六、操作及管理時的注意事項
(1) Before starting, the system of cooling water, fuel oil and lube oil and air-compressed should be inspected to ensure all are in normal condition.
(1) 柴油機起動前應分別對冷卻水系統、燃油系統、滑油系統以及起動壓縮系統進行檢查，以確保各系統處于正常可用狀態。
(2) After start, engine must be running at the speed of 600 ?700 r/min for a while to prevent the cooling water and lube oil temperature being lower and bring the unnecessary accident or wear. Before stop, engine also should be running at lower speed for a while to let cooling water increases gradually to avoid the serious accident owning to the difference in temperature.
(2) 起動后應立即檢查滑油壓力，一般進機壓カ為0. 15 -0.45 MPa之間，檢查各管路連 接處有無泄漏,傾聽柴油機有無異常聲響，保證柴油機無振動現象。
(3) After start lube oil pressure should be checked up immediately and its value must be between 0.15 ?0.45 MPa, inspect the connections between pipes to ensure no leakage appearing, no abnormal sound happens, vibration is not happening.
(3) 起動成功后應讓柴油機在600 -700 r/min運行一段時間，防止冷卻水及滑油溫度過 低造成不必要的磨損或事故;停車之前應讓柴油機在較低轉速運行一段時間，保證水溫及滑油 逐漸下降，避免溫差過大造成事故。
(4) In the event of the operations of parallel manually, transferring load, distributing load, the phenomenon of reverse-power and overload should be avoid.
(4) 發電機組在進行手動并車、解列及負載轉移時，應避免出現機組逆功率及超負荷現象。
Ⅶ. Training requirements
七、訓練要求
Students should be finished each kind of operation which is required in the operational contents independently, and master all attentive items of the equipment operations.
在教師的指導下,學員應獨立完成操作內容中規定的各項訓練要求,并完全掌握操作時的 各種注意事項。
Ⅷ. Reasoning subjects
八、思考題
(1) Please analyze the reasons that generating engine can turn, but always can not succeed to start.
(1) 請分析發電柴油機在起動時，柴油機可以轉動，但始終無法起動成功的可能原因。
(2) Combination with practical devices, please analyze how to adjust the temperature for 4135 engine’s cylinder cooling water; how to adjust the lube oil pressure?
(2) 結合實際設備，請分析4135發電柴油機缸套冷卻水的調溫方法、滑油壓カ的調節方法。
IX. The practical report
九、訓練實習報告
The requirement and format oi practical report is compiled m another mode.
實習報告的要求和格式另行成冊。
